Manuka (L. scoparium)

Many authors disagree about the various oils, so my categorizations may or may not agree with any one particular reference. I have tried to err on the side of being conservative across all of the references. If you want to buy only one safety book, I would recomend Plant Aromatics by Martin Watt.

References: Books

1. Aromatherapy: A Lifetime Guide to Healing with Essential Oils by Valerie Gennari Cooksley

2. The Complete Book of Essential Oils & Aromatherapy by Valerie Ann Worwood

3. Essential Oils In Aromatherapy: What They Really Can Do, Without the Trade Hype by Martin Watt (CD publication)

4. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils by Julia Lawless

5. Plant Aromatics by Martin Watt (2001 edition)

Websites

6. The International Fragrance Association Guidelines

7. Martin Watt's on-line Articles

8. Nature's Gift Website

9. Tony Burfield's Aroma Pages

Scientific Articles

10. Rohloff J, Skagen EB, Steen AH, Iversen TH. Production of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) in Norway: essential oil content and quality. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Dec;48(12):6205-9.

11. Santos-Gomes PC, Fernandes-Ferreira M. Organ- and season-dependent variation in the essential oil composition of Salvia officinalis L. cultivated at two different sites. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Jun;49(6):2908-16.

12. Chiasson H, Belanger A, Bostanian N, Vincent C, Poliquin A. Acaricidal properties of Artemisia absinthium and Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae) essential oils obtained by three methods of extraction. J Econ Entomol. 2001 Feb;94(1):167-71.

13. Smith RL, Adams TB, Doull J, Feron VJ, Goodman JI, Marnett LJ, Portoghese PS, Waddell WJ, Wagner BM, Rogers AE, Caldwell J, Sipes IG. Safety assessment of allylalkoxybenzene derivatives used as flavouring substances - methyl eugenol and estragole. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002 Jul;40(7):851-70.

14. Abdo KM, Cunningham ML, Snell ML, Herbert RA, Travlos GS, Eldridge SR, Bucher JR. 14-Week toxicity and cell proliferation of methyleugenol administered by gavage to F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001 Apr;39(4):303-16.

15. Burkey JL, Sauer JM, McQueen CA, Sipes IG. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of methyleugenol and related congeners-- a mechanism of activation for methyleugenol. Mutat Res. 2000 Sep 20;453(1):25-33.

16. Johnson JD, Ryan MJ, Toft JD II, Graves SW, Hejtmancik MR, Cunningham ML, Herbert R, Abdo KM. Two-year toxicity and carcinogenicity study of methyleugenol in F344/N rats and B6C3F(1) mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Aug;48(8):3620-32.

17. De Vincenzi M, Silano M, Stacchini P, Scazzocchio B. Constituents of aromatic plants: I. Methyleugenol. Fitoterapia. 2000 Apr;71(2):216-21.

18. Gardner I, Wakazono H, Bergin P, de Waziers I, Beaune P, Kenna JG, Caldwell J. Cytochrome P450 mediated bioactivation of methyleugenol to 1'-hydroxymethyleugenol in Fischer 344 rat and human liver microsomes. Carcinogenesis. 1997 Sep;18(9):1775-83.